Ṭāriq ibn Ziyād (Arabic: طارق بن زياد) also known simply as Tarik in English, was a Berber Umayyad commander who initiated the Muslim Umayyad conquest of Visigothic Hispania (Present day Spain and Portugal) in 711–718 AD. He led a large army and crossed the Strait of Gibraltar from the North African coast, consolidating his troops at what is today known as the Rock of Gibraltar. The name "Gibraltar" is the Spanish derivation of the Arabic name Jabal Ṭāriq (جبل طارق), meaning "mountain of Ṭāriq", which is named after him.
Origins
Medieval Arabic historians give contradictory data about Tariq's origins or nationality. Some conclusions about his personality and the circumstances of his entry into al-Andalus are surrounded by uncertainty.[1] The vast majority of modern sources state that Tariq was a Berber mawla of Musa ibn Nusayr, the Umayyad governor of Ifriqiya.[1][2][3][4]
History
The Moorish Castle's Tower of Homage, symbol of the Muslim rule in Gibraltar.
Musa ibn Nusayr appointed Ṭāriq governor of Tangier after its conquest in 710-711 according to Ibn Abd al-Hakam (803-871),[5] but an unconquered Visigothic outpost remained nearby at Ceuta, a stronghold commanded by a nobleman named Julian, Count of Ceuta.
After Roderic came to power in Spain, Julian had, as was the custom, sent his daughter, Florinda la Cava, to the court of the Visigothic king for education. It is said that Roderic raped her, and that Julian was so incensed he resolved to have the Muslims bring down the Visigothic kingdom. Accordingly, he entered into a treaty with Ṭāriq (Mūsā having returned to Qayrawan) to secretly convoy the Muslim army across the Straits of Gibraltar, as he owned a number of merchant ships and had his own forts on the Spanish mainland[citation needed].
About April 26, 711, the army of Ṭāriq, composed of recent converts to Islam, was landed on the Iberian peninsula (Spain) by Julian.[6] They debarked at the foothills of a mountain which was henceforth named after him, Gibraltar (Jabal Tariq).[7]
Tariq's army contained about 7,000 composed of largely Berber stock but also Arab troops[8] Roderic, to meet the threat of the Umayyads, assembled an army said to number 100,000.[9] Most of the army was commanded by, and loyal to, the sons of Wittiza, whom Roderic had brutally deposed.[10] Ṭāriq won a decisive victory when Roderic was defeated and killed on July 19 at the Battle of Guadalete.[1][11] This led Musa ibn Nusayr to assemble 18000 (mostly Arab) troops to plan a second invasion and within a few years Tariq and Musa captured two-thirds of the Iberian peninsula from the Visigoths.[12][13]
Tariq split his army into four divisions which went on to capture Córdoba under Mughith al-Rumi, Granada and other places, while he remained at the head of the division which captured Toledo. Afterwards, he continued advancing towards the north, reaching Guadalajara and Astorga.[1] Ṭāriq was de facto governor of Hispania until the arrival of Mūsā a year later.
Both Tariq and Musa were simultaneously ordered back to Damascus by the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I in 714, where they spent the rest of their lives.[11] The son of Musa, Abd al-Aziz who took the command of troops of Al-Andalus was assassinated in 716.[2] In the many Arabic histories written about the conquest of southern Spain, there is a definite division of opinion regarding the relationship between Ṭāriq and Musa bin Nusayr. Some relate episodes of anger and envy on the part of Mūsā, that his freedman had conquered an entire country. Others do not mention, or play down, any such bad blood. On the other hand, another early historian al-Baladhuri (9th century) merely states that Mūsā wrote Ṭāriq a "severe letter" and that the two were later reconciled.[14]
Speech[소문]
The 16th-century historian Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari, in his The Breath of Perfume, places into Ṭāriq's mouth a long speech to his troops before the Battle of Guadalete.
이슬람의 창시자 무함마드가 632년에 죽자, 그의 지위를 이어받은 칼리파(Khalīfah: 최고 종교 지도자)들은 636년 야르무크(Yarmuk) 전투를 시작으로 이슬람의 세력 확장에 나선다. 637년에는 드디어 사산조 페르시아 제국을 멸망시키고 중동(中東)의 패자(覇者)가 된다. 661년에 아랍 모슬렘(回敎徒)이 세운 최초의 제국 우마이야 왕조(Ummayya Dynasty)는 중동은 물론 중앙아시아, 인도 북부, 중국 서부까지 진출한다. 또한 서쪽으로는 아프리카 북부를 석권한 후, 711년 아랍의 장군, 타리크 이븐 제야드(Tariq Bin Ziyad)는 지브롤터(Gibralter) 해협을 건너 스페인으로 진격한다. ‘지브롤터’라는 지명(地名)도 후세 아랍인들이 ‘타리크’ 장군의 이름을 따서 ‘타리크의 산’이라 부른 것을 스페인 사람들이 ‘히브랄타르’로 발음한 데서 유래하였다. 이후 스페인 반도는 남쪽 안달루스(Vandal us)지역에서부터 북으로 피레네 산맥까지의 넓은 땅이 약 800여 년 동안 이슬람의 세력 하에 놓이게 된다.
※ 이슬람 북아프리카 총독 무사 빈 누사이르(Musa bin Nusayr). 타리크 이븐 지야드(Tariq ibn Ziyad) 파견 ※ 로데리크 패배 전사 : 과달레테 전투(711 or 712年) ※ 무사 빈 누사이르 상률. 타리크와 함께 툴레도 점령 * 타리크 이븐 지야드(Tariq ibn Ziyad.알-안달루스 총독 711~712. 720死) * 무사 빈 누사이르(Musa bin Nusayr.640~이프리키야 총독 703~알-안달루스 총독 712~714. 716死) - 압드 알-아지즈 이븐 무사(Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa.알-안달루스 총독 714~716) [pavius01.blog.me/140125141416 타이콥 에서 발췌]
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