[독일] Carl Maria von Weber

 Carl Maria von Weber

카를 마리아 프리드리히 에른스트 폰 베버(Carl Maria Friedrich Ernest von Weber, 1786년 11월 18일 - 1826년 6월 5일/(1786/정조10년~1826 /순조26년 40세))는 독일의 작곡가다. 독일 국민 가극·낭만파 음악의 창시자이다.

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어릴 때부터 재능이 뛰어나 여러 사람에게 배운 뒤, 1813년 프라하 가극장의 지휘자로서 우수한 오페라를 상연하였다. 1816년 드레스덴의 가극장 지휘자, 궁정 예배당 지휘자로 활약하는 한편 스스로 작곡을 하였다.
그러나 그는 그의 웅장한 오페라와는 달리 태어날때부터 선천적으로 좌골의 이상으로 4세가 될때까지 잘 걷지도 못했으며, 20세때는 인쇄용 동판제작에 쓰려던 초산을 포도주인줄알고 마셔 목소리를 망치기도 했다.^[1]

 

그는 고대 독일의 오페라를 기본으로 하여 독일어, 독일의 소재, 독일의 민요조 선율 등을 풍부하게 구사하였다. 그 고전적인 기교에 낭만적 경향을 조화시켜 극적이고 환상적인 효과를 보여 주었다. 1826년 런던에서 <오베론>을 상연하여 호평을 받았으나, 그곳에서 폐결핵으로 사망하였다.

대표작으로 가극 <마탄의 사수>(1821년 Op.77 또는 J 277), 가극 <오이리안테>(1823년 Op.81 또는 J 291), 피아노 독주곡 <무도회에의 권유>(1819년 Op.65 또는 J 260)등이 있다.

 

The Best of Weber (Carl Maria von Weber)

 

Tracklist:
1. Concerto 1 Opus 73 - Alegro
2. Concerto 1 Opus 73 - Adagio
3. Concerto 1 Opus 73 - Rondo
4. Opus 79 Fá Menor
5. Oberon
6. Der Freischutz
7. Convite a Dança

 

Weber's operas Der Freischütz, Euryanthe and Oberon greatly influenced the development of the Romantische Oper (Romantic opera) in Germany. Der Freischütz came to be regarded as the first German "nationalist" opera, Euryanthe developed the Leitmotif technique to an unprecedented degree, while Oberon may have influenced Mendelssohn's music for A Midsummer Night's Dream and, at the same time, revealed Weber's lifelong interest in the music of non-Western cultures. This interest was first manifested in Weber's incidental music for Schiller's translation of Gozzi's Turandot, for which he used a Chinese melody, making him the first Western composer to use an Asian tune that was not of the pseudo-Turkish kind popularized by Mozart and others.

A brilliant pianist himself, Weber composed four sonatas, two concertos and the Konzertstück in F minor (concert piece), which influenced composers such as Chopin, Liszt and Mendelssohn. The Konzertstück provided a new model for the one-movement concerto in several contrasting sections (such as Liszt's, who often played the work), and was acknowledged by Stravinsky as the model for his Capriccio for Piano and Orchestra. Weber's shorter piano pieces, such as the Invitation to the Dance, were later orchestrated by Berlioz, while his Polacca Brillante was later set for piano and orchestra by Liszt.

Weber's compositions for clarinet, bassoon, and horn occupy an important place in the musical repertoire. His compositions for the clarinet, which include two concertos, a concertino, a quintet, a duo concertante, and variations on a theme from his opera Silvana, are regularly performed today. His Concertino for Horn and Orchestra requires the performer to simultaneously produce two notes by humming while playing—a technique known as "multiphonics". His bassoon concerto and the Andante e Rondo ungarese (a reworking of a piece originally for viola and orchestra) are also popular with bassoonists.

Weber's contribution to vocal and choral music is also significant. His body of Catholic religious music was highly popular in 19th-century Germany, and he composed one of the earliest song cycles, Die Temperamente beim Verluste der Geliebten ([Four] Temperaments on the Loss of a Lover). Weber was also notable as one of the first conductors to conduct without a piano or violin.

Weber's orchestration has also been highly praised and emulated by later generations of composers – Berlioz referred to him several times in his Treatise on Instrumentation while Debussy remarked that the sound of the Weber orchestra was obtained through the scrutiny of the soul of each instrument.

His operas influenced the work of later opera composers, especially in Germany, such as Marschner, Meyerbeer and Wagner, as well as several nationalist 19th-century composers such as Glinka. Homage has been paid to Weber by 20th-century composers such as Debussy, Stravinsky, Mahler (who completed Weber's unfinished comic opera Die drei Pintos and made revisions of Euryanthe and Oberon) and Hindemith (composer of the popular Symphonic Metamorphosis of Themes by Carl Maria von Weber).

Weber also wrote music journalism and was interested in folksong, and learned lithography to engrave his own works.

* 출처: 음원-유튜브/ 해설-위키백과