[이탈리아- 파가니니의 스승] Alessandro Rolla

Alessandro Rolla
Alessandro Rolla, Milan, c. 1820, on a stipple engraving by Luigi Rados (1773-1840).
Born	(1757-04-22)22 April 1757 Pavia
Died	15 September 1841(1841-09-15) (aged 84) Milan
Nationality	Italian
Occupation	Composer
Style	Early Romanticism

Alessandro Rolla (22 April 1757 – 15 September 1841) was an Italian viola and violin virtuoso, composer, conductor and teacher. His son, Antonio Rolla, was also a violin virtuoso and composer.

His fame now rests mainly as "teacher of the great Paganini", yet his role was very important in the development of violin and viola technique. Some of the technical innovations that Paganini later used largely, such as left-hand pizzicato, chromatic ascending and descending scales, the use of very high positions on violin and viola, octave passages, were first introduced by Rolla.

 

 

<우리말 자료 있는 곳 - blog.naver.com/choijk571101/30165797911   행성>

 

18세기와 19세기에 이탈리아 기악음악에 있어서 가장 뛰어난 연주자였던 롤라는 하이든과 모차르트의 열렬한 추종자였으며, 1795년에는 파가니니를 지도하였던 것으로도 유명합니다.

18세기 사이에 이탈리아 기악 음악의 재건자로 일컬어졌던 알레산드로 롤라는 이탈리아 밀라노에 있는 라 스칼라 오케스트라 지휘자 겸수석 바이올린 주자로서 활동했습니다.  

바이올린과 비올라 연주에 뛰어난 비르투오조였던 그는 파가니니와 마찬가지로, 그의 작품에서 이들

악기의 비르투오조로서의 면모를 유감없이 보여주고 있습니다.

 

작품은  《비올라와 오케스트라를 위한 협주곡 내림 마 장조 작품3번(Concerto in E Flat Major for Viola and Orchestra, op. 3)》,《비올라와 오케스트라를 위한 론도 G장조》,《비올라와  현을 위한 디베르멘토(Divertimento in F for Viola and Strings)》, 오늘 감상하는  《비올라와 현을 위한 소협주곡 내림 마 장조(Concertino in E flat major for Viola and Strings)》 《플릇과 현을 위한 6곡의 사중주》《 바이올린 비올라 그리고 첼로를 위한 (6) 삼중 협주곡 Op.1 》등  많은 작품을 남겼습니다.

<cafe.daum.net/music-poem/UpNx/1202   시와 음악과 함께 하는 삶의 자료입니다.>

 

Life

Rolla was born in Pavia, Italy in 1757 and after his initial studies he moved to Milan where, from

1770 to 1778, he studied with Giovanni Andrea Fioroni, Maestro di cappella at Milan Cathedral,^[1]

 

In 1772, he made his first public appearance as a soloist and composer performing "the first viola

concerto ever heard", as reported by a contemporary writer.^{[n 1]} In 1782 he was appointed principal viola and the leader of the Ducale Orchestra in Parma, playing violin and viola until 1802.^{[n 2]}

In 1795 he received a visit by the father of the young Paganini, wishing him to teach his son.

 After the death of the Duke of Parma, Rolla was offered a position as leader and orchestra director of the La Scala Orchestra in Milan in 1802.^[1] Here the new governors, the French and later the Austrians, wanted to create the most important orchestra of Italy and therefore hired the best virtuosos of the time. Among his students during this period were Cesare Pugni, the prolific composer of ballet music, whom he taught the violin. Rolla would conduct many of Pugni's operas for La Scala, among them Il Disertore Svizzero (1831) and La Vendetta (1832).

 

Rolla remained at La Scala until 1833. There he was usually identified as the "Primo violino, Capo d'orchestra" being so responsible for leading the orchestra.^[3] He conducted the first Milanese performances of Mozart's Don Giovanni, Così fan tutte, La clemenza di Tito and The Marriage of Figaro and Beethoven's first symphonies. During this period he also conducted about eighteen operas of the then most loved opera composer, Gioachino Rossini, as well as operas by Gaetano Donizetti and Bellini, whom he got to know personally. He conducted the premiere of Norma, for example.

 

From 1811 he was also director of a Cultural Society where musicians would perform chamber music works by Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven, among others. In 1813 at this Cultural Society he gave private performances of Beethoven's 4th, 5th and 6th symphonies. He also frequented the aristocracy drawing rooms, meeting artists and poets, playing for them and dedicating several compositions to them. In 1808 the Conservatoire of Music in Milan was inaugurated and Rolla was appointed professor of violin and viola. In this capacity he composed many didactic works for his own pupils, graded in difficulty, many of which were published by the newly established publishing house Ricordi.

 

Although involved in opera conducting in a period when in Italy opera was dominating over instrumental music, Rolla continued to compose, maintaining the Italian instrumental tradition high. He wrote about 500 works, from didactic compositions to sonatas, quartets, symphonies, concertos for violin, and at least 13 concertos and other works for viola and orchestra. Significant was his contribution to the dissemination of Beethoven's works in Italy and his familiarity with Beethoven and other Viennese composers is shown in his compositions. He continued to compose and play chamber music until few months before his death at 84.

Musical legacy

As an example of his fame in Italy and abroad, it is worth noting that during his lifetime his compositions were published by publishers such as Le Duc and Imbault in Paris, Artaria in Vienna, Breitkopf & Hartel in Leipzig, Monzani & Hill in London, André in Offenbach, Ricordi in Milan from 1809, and many more. This information about Rolla's life and multifarious musical activity helps us interpret his work. He was a musician of European vision, an innovator in his own field who was also able to learn from the best of his contemporaries. Also being so deeply immersed in opera environment undoubtedly had an influence on his style as a composer. He often used themes from operas for his

variations.====================================================================

 

Many of his works have been published in modern times and are therefore available. His works and performances as a violin and viola player, as well as conductor at La Scala, were often reviewed and appreciated in the Leipziger Zeitung. Rolla deserves a more important position in viola repertoire. His pedagogical works, conceived especially for the viola, are of special interest for students and teachers. They are often conceived in form of duos, lending themselves to be used also for chamber music education purposes as well.

Compositional style

Because of the technical innovations introduced, his work might be considered helpful for the development of viola technique. His style varies from the very melodic phrases, typically operatic in character, rich in fiorituras, to the extremely virtuoso writing, the style we are used to identify with Paganini. Ingredients of this technique are an ample use of double stops, fast passages in thirds and sixths, octaves from the first to the eighth position, very fast ascending and descending diatonic and chromatic scales, flying staccato, left-hand pizzicato. This intense virtuosity was a new innovation for viola technique, practically unheard of in previous times. Bertini, a historian of his time, in a dictionary of musicians reported that Rolla was prohibited to play in public because women could not hear him without fainting of being struck by attacks of nerves.