Johann Peter Salomon(잘로몬)

 

Johann Peter Salomon

 

Johann Peter Salomon (20 February 1745 [baptized] – 28 November 1815) was

a German violinist, composer, conductor and musical impresario

 

Life

He was born in Bonn and was the second son of Philipp Salomon, an oboist at the court in Bonn.

His birth home was at Bonngasse 515, coincidentally the later birth home of Beethoven.^[1] At the

age of thirteen, he became a violinist in the court orchestra and six years later became the concert master of the orchestra of Prince Heinrich of Prussia. He composed several works for the court,

including four operas and an oratorio. He moved to London in the early 1780s, where he worked as a composer and played violin both as a celebrated soloist and in a string quartet. He made his first public appearance at Covent Garden on 23 March 1781.

 

While in England, Salomon composed two operas for the Royal Opera,^[2] several art songs, a number of concertos, and chamber music pieces. He is perhaps best known today, however, as a concert organiser and conductor.

 

Salomon brought Joseph Haydn to London in 1791–92 and 1794–95, and together with Haydn led the first performances of many of the works that Haydn composed while in England.^[3] Haydn wrote his symphonies numbers 93 to 104 for these trips, which are sometimes known as the Salomon symphonies (they are more widely known as the London symphonies). 교향곡 제93~98번, 99~104번은 두 차례의 런던 방문 때에 작곡된 곡들이다. 12개에 달하는 이들 교향곡은 런던의 청중들을 위해 작곡되었다고 해서 '런던 교향곡'이라 하기도 하고, 음악 흥행을 주선하는 잘로몬(Salomon)의 협조하에 작곡되었다고 해서 '잘로몬 교향곡'이라고도 한다. 이 작품들은 고전 교향곡의 정수이자 하이든 교향곡으 최고의 작품들이다. 오늘날 하이든을 대표하는 교향곡들은 대부분이 이12개의 교향곡을 가리킨다. 이 교향곡들은 전형적인 고전 소나타 형식으로 작곡되었지만 대부분이 1악장에 프랑스 서곡에서 유래한 느린 도입부를 사용하였다. 도입부의 조성은 교향곡 본래의 조성으로 시작되지는 않는다. 104번은 D장조이지만 도입부는 D단조로 시작한다. 긴 도입부는 코다에서 다시 확대, 발전시키므로 작품의 균형감을 잃지 않게 한다.

    하이든은 민속 선율에서 주제를 선택하기도 하였다. 103번의 1, 2악장과 104번의 마지막 악장은 민속 선율에서 주제를 차용한 것이다. 제99, 100, 103, 104번의 제1주제는 선율적 내용이 아니라 조성의 변화에 의해 딸림조로 제2주제에서 다시 나온다. 이와 같은 주제의 설정은 전형적인 고전 소나타 형식에 기초한 것이다.

    런던 교향곡들 중에는 2악장의 특징 때문에 별명이 붙여진 교향곡들이 있다. 101번은 2악장에서 시계소리와 같은 규칙적인 리듬 때문에 '시계'라는 별명이 붙었고, 94번은 2악장에서 조용한 주제가 흐르다가 약박에서 갑자기 포르테(f)가 나오기 때문에 '놀람'이라는 별명이 붙여졌다. '런던 교향곡'들의 악기 편성은 이전의 교향곡들보다 크고 다양하다. 2개의 트럼펫과 팀하니는 모든 '런던 교향곡'에 들어 있고, 100번 <군대>교향곡에서는 트라이앵글, 심벌즈, 큰북이 2, 4악장에 삽입된다. 마지막 6개의 '런던 교향곡'에서는 102번만을 제외하고 2개의 클라리넷이 사용된다.


Haydn's esteem for his impresario and orchestral leader can sometimes be seen in the symphonies: for example, the cadenza in the slow movement of the 96th and the phrase marked Salomon solo ma piano in the trio of the 97th; the Sinfonia Concertante in B-flat major was composed for Salomon, who played the solo violin part; and the six string quartets opp. 71 and 74, written between the two London visits in 1793, though

dedicated to Count Apponyi, were clearly designed for the public performances that Salomon's quartet gave in London.

 

Salomon is also said to have had a hand in providing Haydn with the original model for the text of

The Creation. He was one of the founder-members of the Philharmonic Society and led the orchestra at its first concert on 8 March 1813.

 

Salomon is also believed to have given the Jupiter nickname to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's

Symphony No. 41.^[4] Amongst his protégés was the English composer and soloist George Pinto.

Salomon died in London in 1815, of injuries suffered when he was thrown from his horse.^[5]

He is buried in the cloisters of Westminster Abbey.

Assessment

Memorial in south cloister of Westminster Abbey

 

Salomon's violin playing was highly regarded in his day; for a collection of reviews, see Robbins Landon (1976, 24-27). Robbins Landon also praises his personal qualities: "Salomon was not only a clever and sensitive impresario, he was also generous, scrupulously honest, and very efficient in business matters."^[6] Beethoven, who knew Salomon from his days in Bonn, wrote to Ries on hearing of his death, "Salomon's death grieves me much, for he was a noble man, and I remember him since I was a child."^[5]

 

Since 2011 the Royal Philharmonic Society has awarded the Salomon Prize to highlight talent and dedication within UK orchestras.^[7]