Domenico Cimarosa (17 December 1749, Aversa , Province of Caserta – 11 January 1801, Venice ) was an Italian opera composer of the Neapolitan school . He wrote more than eighty operas during his lifetime, including his masterpiece, Il matrimonio segreto (1792).
도메니코 치마로사 (Domenico Cimarosa, 1749-1801)는 이탈리아 의 오페라 작곡가 이다.
18세기의 이탈리아 오페라 부파 의 전통을 이어받아 그것을 로시니 에게 전승(傳承)한 공적은 높이 평가되고 있다. 가난한 환경에서 자랐으나 남다른 악재(樂才)를 보였으므로 나폴리 의 음악원에 입학이 허락되어 여기서 이탈리아 여러 대가의 성악 양식을 완전히 몸에 익혀 1772년, 22세로 음악원을 졸업하였다. 그 해에 발표한 오페라로 대성공을 거두었으며, 일약 작곡가로서의 지위를 확립했다. 명성이 높아짐에 따라 국외로부터의 초빙이 있어 1787년 37세로 러시아 의 여황제 예카테리나 2세 의 궁정 작곡가로 상트페테르부르크 로 갔다. 1791년 러시아에서 귀국하는 도중 오스트리아 황제의 초청으로 살리에리 의 후임으로서 빈 궁정악장이 되었다. 여기서 걸작 오페라 부파 <비밀결혼>을 써서 창작활동의 정점에 달하였다. 1793년 나폴리 로 돌아와 나폴리의 궁정악장에 취임하였다. 그 뒤 공화제혁명에 가담한 혐의로 체포되어 감금됐다가 1800년 나폴리 에서 추방되었다. 감금되었을 때 건강을 해친 것이 원인이 되어 다음해 1월 11일 베네치아 에서 급사하였다. 너무 갑작스런 죽음으로 나폴리 왕에 의한 독살이라는 소문이 퍼져 그 때문에 정부는 사인조사를 해야
했고 공식적인 검시를 통해 근거가 없음이 밝혀졌다. 치마로사의 오페라는 풍부한 멜로디와 등장인물의 기지에 넘친 생생함에 매력이 있다. 그러나 성서의 깊이와 음악적 구성력에 다소 결점이 있어 그 때문에 지금에 와서는 그 작품은 상연되는 일이 적다.
그가 작곡한 기악 음악 중 오페라처럼 성공적으로 계속 연주되는 작품으로는 재기가 넘치는 하프시코드 소나타들과 2대의 플루트를 위한 협주곡이 있다.==========================================
Early life and education VIDEO
Cimarosa was born in Aversa in Campania .
His parents were poor, but, anxious to give their son a good education, they sent him to a free school connected with one of the monasteries in Naples after moving to that city. The organist of the monastery, Padre Polcano , was struck by the boy's intellect, and instructed him in the elements of music and also in the ancient and modern literature of his country. Because of his influence, Cimarosa obtained a scholarship at the musical institute of Santa Maria di Loreto in Naples, where he remained for eleven years, chiefly studying with great masters of the old Italian school; Niccolò Piccinni , Antonio Sacchini , and other musicians of repute are mentioned among his teachers.
Early career========================
At the age of twenty-three, Cimarosa began his career as a composer with an opera buffa called Le stravaganze del conte , first performed at the Teatro del Fiorentini at Naples in 1772. The work met with approval, and was followed in the same year by Le pazzie di Stelladaura e di Zoroastro , a farce full of humour and eccentricity. This work was also successful, and the fame of the young composer began to spread all over Italy. In 1774, he was invited to Rome to write an opera for the stagione of that year; and there he produced another comic opera called L'italiana in Londra .
Midlife
Over the next thirteen years, Cimarosa wrote a number of operas for the various theatres of Italy,
living temporarily in Rome, in Naples, or wherever else his vocation as conductor of his works happened to take him. From 1784 to 1787, he lived in Florence , writing exclusively for the theatre of that city. The productions of this period of his life are very numerous, consisting of operas (both comic and serious), cantatas , and various sacred compositions. The following works may be mentioned, among many others: Cajo Mario ; the three Biblical operas, Assalone , La giuditta , and Il sacrificio d'Abramo ; Il convito di pietra ; and La ballerina amante , a comic opera first performed at Venice with enormous success.
In 1787, Cimarosa went to St. Petersburg by invitation of Empress Catherine II . He remained at her court for four years and wrote an enormous number of compositions,1787년 37세로 러시아 의 여황제 예카테리나 2세 의 궁정 작곡가로 상트페테르부르크 로 갔다. mostly of the nature of pièces d'occasion ; of most of these, not even the names are on record. one important exception was a Requiem , entitled Messa da Requiem in G minor . The piece, composed in 1787, was commissioned to mark the death of the wife of the French ambassador in St. Petersburg .
In 1792, Cimarosa left St. Petersburg and went to Vienna at the invitation of Emperor Leopold II . Here, he produced his masterpiece, Il matrimonio segreto , which ranks among the greatest examples of opera buffa (Verdi considered it the model opera buffa)(1791년에는 레오폴트 2세의 초청으로 빈에 진출했다. 1792년 2월 7일 빈에 있는 부르크 극장에서 걸작 〈비밀 결혼 Il matrimonio segreto〉을 공연했다. 위대한 희가극 가운데 하나인 이 작품으로 치마로사는 명성을 얻었다.)
In 1793, Cimarosa returned to Naples, where Il matrimonio segreto and other works were received with great acclaim. Among the works belonging to his last stay in Naples that may be mentioned is the charming opera, Le astuzie femminili .
This period of his life is said to have been embittered by the intrigues of envious and hostile persons, including his old rival, Giovanni Paisiello . During the occupation of Naples by the troops of the French Republic , Cimarosa joined the liberal party, but on the return of the Bourbons was imprisoned along with many of his political friends (some say even condemned to death). His sentence was commuted to banishment when influential admirers interceded, and he left Naples with the intention of returning to St. Petersburg, but his health was broken and after much suffering he died in Venice on 11 January 1801 of an intestinal inflammation. The nature of his disease led to the rumor of his having been poisoned by his enemies; however, a formal inquest proved this to be unfounded. He worked until the last moment of his life, and one of his operas, Artemizia , remained unfinished at his death. The place of his death is marked by a memorial in Campo San Angelo near the calle de Caffetier.
Main works
Studio Lirico , a summer program for opera singers patronized by University of South Carolina, produced, from 1992 to 1995, a lot of Cimarosa's operas (sometime in first production in modern time) by the Artistic direction of Talmage Fauntleroy, stage director, and Nick Rossi, musicologist. In Italy, from 2005 until now, Tuscan Opera Academy “Domenico Cimarosa” realized a summer program dedicated to Cimarosa's operas through the artistic and musical direction of Simone Perugini, composer, conductor, musicologist and Italian scholar of Cimarosa. Tuscan Opera Academy “Domenico Cimarosa” realizes two projects about the composer: the first one, called Centro cimarosiano di Studi for the publication of the opera omnia of the composer in critical edition (full score, vocal score and orchestral parts with commentary Foreword), the second one called The Opera Workshop for the production and set-up of composer's operas in critical editions by opera singers and instrumentalists expert on philological practice of 18th-century Italian music.==========================
