[스위스]Arthur Honegger

Arthur Honegger

Arthur Honegger in 1928

10 March 1892 – 27 November 1955) was a Swiss composer, who was born in France and lived a large part of his life in Paris. He was a member of Les Six. His most frequently performed work is probably the orchestral work Pacific 231, which was inspired by the sound of a steam locomotive.

[20세기 전반 프랑스의 모더니즘 음악운동에 참여했다. 부모는 스위스인이었지만 생애 대부분을 프랑스에서 보냈다. 취리히 음악원에서 공부했고 1912년 이후 파리 음악원에서 공부했다.

제1차 세계대전 이후 조르주 오리크, 제르멘 타유페르, 프랑수아 풀랑크, 다리우스 미요, 루이 뒤레 등 젊은 작곡가 그룹인 '프랑스 6인조'(Lex Six)에 동참했다. 이들 프랑스 6인조는 미학적인 결합이라기보다는 우정에 의한 결속의 성격을 가지고 있었다. 오네게르는 곧 '극적 시편' 〈다윗 왕 Le Roi David〉(1921)에서 강한 개성을 천명했고, 그후 2편의 성공적인 관현악 작품 〈퍼시픽 231 Pacific 231〉(1924)·〈럭비 Rugby〉(1928)를 작곡했다.

〈퍼시픽 231〉은 움직이는 기관차에 대한 인상을 그렸으며 이 두 작품은 스피드와 남성적인 스포츠에 대한 그의 애정을 반영하고 있다. 이 시기의 작품으로 실내 오케스트라를 위한 〈여름의 목가 Pastorale d'été〉(1921) 또한 빼놓을 수 없다. 전부는 아니지만 상당수의 1920년대 작품들은 율동적이고 불협화음적이며 간결한 특성을 보이며 조성의 처리에 있어서도 상당한 자유를 보여주고 있어 다조성도 간혹 나타난다. 극적 오라토리오 〈화형대 위의 잔 다르크 Jeanne d'Arc au bûcher〉·〈죽음의 춤 La Danse des morts〉(둘 다 폴 클로델의 시에 곡을 붙인 것임)에서 그의 대다수 후기 작품의 기초가 되는 신비주의와 종교적 의미 쪽으로 방향을 돌렸다.

오네게르는 다작형의 작곡가였으며 오페라 〈유디트 Judith〉(1926)·〈안티고네 Antigone〉(1927)·〈암피온 Amphion〉(1931)과 발레곡 〈스케이트장 Skating Rink〉(1922)·〈세미라미스 Sémiramis〉(1934), 〈아가(雅歌) Cantique des cantiques〉(1938)를 비롯한 오라토리오 합창음악, 관현악곡(교향곡 5곡, 교향시, 교향적 소품들 등)에도 주목할 만한 업적을 남겼다. 그의 실내악 가운데는 현악 4중주 3곡, 바이올린·비올라·첼로를 위한 소나타들이 포함된다. 또한 〈바퀴 La Roue〉(1922)·〈피그말리온 Pygmalion〉(1938)·〈사랑의 기마행렬 Cavalcade d'amour〉(1939) 등의 영화 음악도 작곡했으며 장 콕토, 아폴리네르, 클로델 같은 현대 프랑스 시인들의 시에 의한 가곡도 작곡했다.

오네게르는 중부 유럽 전통의 대규모 형식과 밀집된 음향을 프랑스 아방가르드의 화성적 개혁과 결합한 대담하고 자유분방한 음악 어법을 통해 강한 개성을 표출했다. 1951년 자서전 〈나는 작곡가이다 Je suis compositeur〉를 출판했다.[다음백과]

[주요 작품 모음]

Biography

Born Oscar-Arthur Honegger (the first name was never used) to Swiss parents in Le Havre, France, he initially studied harmony and violin in Le Havre. After studying for two years at the Zurich Conservatory he enrolled in the Paris Conservatoire from 1911 to 1918, studying with both Charles-Marie Widor and Vincent d'Indy. He made his Paris compositional debut in 1916 and in 1918 wrote the ballet Le dit des jeux du monde, generally considered to be his first characteristic work. In 1926 he married Andrée Vaurabourg, a pianist and fellow student at the Paris Conservatoire, on the condition that they live in separate apartments. They lived apart for the duration of their marriage, with the exceptions of one year from 1935 to 1936 following Vaurabourg's injury in a car accident, and the last year of Honegger's life, when he was not well enough to live alone. They had one daughter, Pascale, born in 1932. Honegger also had a son, Jean-Claude (1926–2003), with the singer Claire Croiza.

In the early 1920s, Honegger shot to fame with his "dramatic psalm" Le roi David ("King David"), which is still in the choral repertoire. Between World War I and World War II, Honegger was very prolific. He composed the music for Abel Gance's epic 1927 film, Napoléon. He composed nine ballets and three vocal stage works, amongst other works. one of those stage works, Jeanne d'Arc au bûcher (1935), a "dramatic oratorio" (to words by Paul Claudel), is thought of as one of his finest works. In addition to his pieces written alone, he collaborated with Jacques Ibert on both an opera, L'Aiglon (1937), and an operetta. During this time period he also wrote Danse de la chèvre (1921), an essential piece of flute repertoire. Dedicated to René Le Roy and written for flute alone, this piece is lively and charming, but with the same directness of all Honegger's work.

Honegger always remained in touch with Switzerland, his parents' country of origin, until the outbreak of the war and the invasion of the Nazis made it impossible for him to leave Paris. He joined the French Resistance and was generally unaffected by the Nazis themselves, who allowed him to continue his work without too much interference. He also taught composition at the École Normale de Musique de Paris, where his students included Yves Ramette. However, he was greatly depressed by the war. Between its outbreak and his death, he wrote his last four symphonies (numbers two to five) which are among the most powerful symphonic works of the 20th century. Of these, the second, for strings, featuring a solo trumpet which plays a chorale tune by Bach in the final movement, and the third, subtitled Symphonie Liturgique with three movements that evoke the Requiem Mass (Dies Irae, De profundis clamavi and Dona nobis pacem), are probably the best known. Written in 1946 just after the end of the war, it has parallels with Benjamin Britten's Sinfonia da Requiem of 1940. In contrast with this work is the lyrical, nostalgic Symphony No. 4, subtitled "Deliciae Basilienses" ("The Delights of Basel"), written as a tribute to days of relaxation spent in that Swiss city during the war.

Honegger was widely known as a train enthusiast, and once notably said: "I have always loved locomotives passionately. For me they are living creatures and I love them as others love women or horses." His "mouvement symphonique" Pacific 231 (a depiction of a steam locomotive) gained him early notoriety in 1923.

Many of Honegger's works were championed by his longtime friend Georges Tzipine, who conducted the premiere recordings of some of them (Cris du Monde oratorio, Nicolas de Flüe).^[1]

In 1953 he wrote his last composition, A Christmas Cantata. After a protracted illness, he died at home in Paris of a heart attack on 27 November 1955 and was interred in the Saint-Vincent Cemetery in the Montmartre Quarter.

The principal elements of Honegger's style are: Bachian counterpoint, driving rhythms, melodic amplitude, highly coloristic harmonies, an impressionistic use of orchestral sonorities, and a concern for formal architecture. His style is weightier and more solemn than that of his colleagues in Les Six. Far from reacting against German romanticism as the other members of Les Six did, Honegger's mature works show evidence of a distinct influence by it. Despite the differences in their styles, he and fellow Les Six member Darius Milhaud were close friends, having studied together at the Paris Conservatoire. Milhaud dedicated his fourth string quintet to Honegger's memory, while Francis Poulenc similarly dedicated his Clarinet Sonata.

Legacy

Honegger is pictured on the Swiss twenty franc banknote (eighth series) issued October 1996, and due to be replaced in 2017.

Honegger's symphonic movement Rugby was recorded with him conducting the Paris Symphony Orchestra in a 1929 electrical recording, which can be heard on YouTube.^[2] Many of Honegger's recordings as conductor of his music have been reissued on CD by Pearl and Dutton.^[3]

For a list of notable students, See: List of music students by teacher: G to J#Arthur Honegger.

Notable compositions

	Danse de la chèvre Menu 0:00 Performed by Sarah Bassingthwaite
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Opus numbers originate from the complete catalogue by Harry Halbreich. For a longer list of compositions, see List of compositions by Arthur Honegger. For a list of select recordings, see Arthur Honegger discography.

• Orchestral Music :

Symphonies :

1930 : H 75 First Symphony

1941 : H 153 Second Symphony for strings and trumpet in D

1946 : H 186 Third Symphony (Symphonie Liturgique)

1946 : H 191 Fourth Symphony in A (Deliciae basiliensis)

1950 : H 202 Fifth Symphony in D (Di tre re)