[극우단체 현양사를 설립하고 김옥균, 쑨원도 지원한 우익의 거두]도야마 미쓰루(頭山 満)

 

Onisaburo Deguchi, Tōyama Mitsuru & Uchida Ryohei

 

도야마 미쓰루(일본어: 頭山 満, 1855년 5월 27일 ~ 1944년 10월 5일)는 대아시아주의의 입장에서 운동을 펼친 일본 제국의 국가주의 사상가이다.[Japanese right wing and ultranationalist founder of Genyosha (Black Ocean Society) and Kokuryukai (Black Dragon Society).[1][2] Tōyama was a strong advocate of Pan Asianism (Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere).

 

생애

대외론에서는 일본의 해외 진출을 호소해 구미 열강 제국과의 불평등 조약 개정 문제에 대해서는 강경 주장을 폈고, 일찍부터 대 러시아 동지회에 참가해 러일전쟁 개전론을 주장했다. 김옥균이나 쑨원, 라스 비하리 보스 등 일본에 망명한 혁명 활동가들을 원조했다.[쑨원 관련 내용: He also supported the Chinese republican revolutionaries against the Qing dynasty and gave considerable support to Sun Yat-sen. When the Chinese revolution began in 1911, he went to China in person as an advisor and to personally oversee Genyosha activities and to provide assistance to Sun Yat-sen. 김옥균 관련 내용은 없다.]

1881년, 하코다 로쿠스케, 히라오카 고타로등과 겐요샤(현양사)를 설립했다.[1]

Early life

Tōyama was born to a poor samurai family in Fukuoka City in Kyūshū. In his youth, he fought in the Saga Rebellion of 1874.

In 1881, Tōyama became one of the founders of the Genyosha, a secret society and terrorist organization whose agenda was to agitate for Japanese military expansion and conquest of the Asian continent. The society attracted disaffected ex-samurai, and also figures involved in organized crime to assist in its campaigns of violence and assassination against foreigners and left-wing politicians. In 1889, Tōyama and the Genyosha were implicated in the attempted assassination of foreign minister Ōkuma Shigenobu.

 

Covert[비밀] government cooperation

 

Tōyama (left) with his friends, future Prime Minister Tsuyoshi Inukai (center), future President of Republic of China Chiang Kai-shek (right) and others in 1929

 

Tōyama was both a founder and one-time head of the Black Dragon Society.

Immediately prior to the start of the First Sino-Japanese War, Tōyama organized the Tenyukyo, a secret society and paramilitary force that operated in Korea prior to the arrival of the Imperial Japanese Army, making detailed topographic maps, scouting out Chinese and Korean military installations and deployment, and arranging for logistic support. Along with Genyosha operatives in Korea and Manchuria, the Tenyukyo provided interpreters and guides to the regular Japanese army after their invasion.

Tōyama was a strong supporter of Japanese control over Manchuria, and joined forces with the anti-Russian Tairo Doshikai movement in 1903. He also supported the Chinese republican revolutionaries against the Qing dynasty and gave considerable support to Sun Yat-sen. When the Chinese revolution began in 1911, he went to China in person as an advisor and to personally oversee Genyosha activities and to provide assistance to Sun Yat-sen.

Following the Chinese revolution, Tōyama officially retired, and apparently refused to play an active role in the Black Dragon Society (Kokuryu-Kai) that he helped create as a successor to the Genyosha. He remained an influential behind-the-scenes figure in Japanese politics during the following years.

 

Influence in nationalist Japan

In the 1930s, he was considered as a superpatriot by a large section of the Japanese public, including the military. In 1932, after the assassination of several "liberal" political figures, and following rumors that then Premier Saito and others were to be assassinated in turn, the government had Tōyama's house raided and searched, and his son arrested - leading to a momentary pacification of the situation.[4]

 

Legacy[edit]

 

Grave of Toyama Mitsuru in Fukuoka

 

Grave of Toyama Mitsuru and his wife in Tokyo

 

Although Tōyama remained a private citizen all his life, he was known as the "Shadow Shogun," "Spymaster," and "The Boss of Bosses," because of his tremendous covert influence on the nationalist politics and the yakuza crime syndicates. He also wrote an influential book on the "Three Shu" (Katsu Kaishu, Takahashi Deishu, and Yamaoka Tesshu). Despite his ultranationalism, Tōyama was paradoxically on good terms with Onisaburo Deguchi, Japan's most fervent pacifist. Tōyama was charismatic, complex, and controversial figure in his lifetime, and remains so to this day.

He died in 1944 at his summer home on Gotemba, Shizuoka Prefecture, at the base of Mount Fuji.

Radio Tokyo announced that funeral services lasting more than three hours were held for him in Tokyo.[5]

 

참고 문헌

• 마츠모토 켄이치, 「도야마 미쓰루의 「장소」」, 분게이슌주, 1996년 10월
• 아시즈 우즈히코(葦津珍彦),「대아시아주의와 도야마 미쓰루」, 일본 교우분사
• 요미우리 신문 서부 본사 편, 「도야마 미쓰루와 현양사」, (해조사), 2001년 10월
•  

각주

1. ↑ 김삼웅 (1995년 7월 1일). 《친일정치 100년사》. 서울: 동풍. 138쪽. ISBN 978-89-86072-03-7.

같이 보기

• 범아시아주의
• 미야자키 도텐
• 히라오카 고타로
• 우치다 료헤이
• 낭인회

 

[출처]

 

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