[체코]Johann Baptist Wanhal

Johann Baptist Wanhal

 

 

 

 

Johann Baptist Wanhal (May 12, 1739 – August 20, 1813 /74세), was an important Czech

classical music composer. He was born in Nechanice, Bohemia, and died in Vienna. 

His music was well respected by Mozart , Haydn and Beethoven.

 

(체코출신 고전파 음악가. 보헤미아 Nechanice라는 곳에서 출생했고 사망은 비엔나에서. 모차르트보다

16년 먼저 태어 났고 사망은 22년 뒤에 . 우리나라 기준으로 보면 영조 15년에 출생하여 순조 14년에 사망한 것이 됨.- 우리말 자료:blog.naver.com/kalliope63/110094693368   새들, 별모양의 정원.. )

 

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Birth and youth in Bohemia: 1739–1760/61(출생부터 청년기 21~22세)

Wanhal was born in Nechanice, Bohemia, into serfdomin a Czech peasant family.

He received his first musical training from his family and local musicians, excelling at the violin and organ from an early age. From these humble beginnings he was able to earn a living as a village organist and choirmaster. He was also taught German from an early age, as this was required for someone wishing to make a career in music within the Habsburg empire.( 보헤미아 Nechanice 지방 소작농 집안의 농노 출신이다. 첫 음악 교육은 가족과 지역 음악가에게서 받았는데 이른 나이에 바이올린과 오르간에서 탁월한 솜씨를 보였다. 이런 보잘 것 없는 출발이었지만 지역  오르가니스트 그리고 성가대 지휘자로서  생활비를 벌수 있었다. 이른 나이에 독일인도 가르쳤는데 이유는 합스부르크 제국 내에서 음악 경력을 갖추려면 필요하기 때문이었다.

First period in Vienna: 1760/61–1769

By the age of 21 Wanhal must have been well under way to become a skilled performer and composer, as his patron, the Countess Schaffgotsch, took him to Vienna as part of her personal train in 1760. There he quickly established himself as a teacher of singing, violin and piano to the high nobility, and he was invited to conduct his symphonies for illustrious patrons such as the Erdődy families and Baron Isaac von Riesch of Dresden. During the years 1762-63, he is supposed to have been the student of Karl Ditters von Dittersdorf, even though they were born the same year. Baron Riesch sponsored a trip to Italy in 1769, so that Wanhal could learn the Italian style of composition, which was very much in fashion. To return the favour, Wanhal was supposed to become Riesch's Kapellmeister.^[3]

Journey to Italy: 1769–1771

The details of Wanhal's journey to Italy are scant, but it is known that he met his fellow Bohemians Gluck and Florian Gassmann in Venice and Rome respectively. The Italian journeys present the only knowledge we have of Wanhal writing operas: He is supposed either to have written operas over the Metastasian operas Il Trionfo di Clelia and Demofonte, either by himself, or as a cooperation with Gassmann, where Wanhal supplied some or all of the arias; these works have been lost. In additions to his documented travels in northern and central Italy, Wanhal was supposed to travel to Naples – arguably the most important centre of music in Italy at the time – but never seems to have gotten there.^[4]

Vienna and Varaždin: 1771-1780

After his journey to Italy Wanhal returned to Vienna rather than to go to Riesch in Dresden. Claims have been made that Wanhal became heavily depressed or even insane, but these claims are likely to have been overstated. During this period he is supposed to occasionally have worked as a de facto Kapellmeister for Count Erdődy in Varaždin, although the small amount of compositions by him remaining there suggests that this was not the full-time employment that would have been expected from Riesch, which may have been why he preferred it. There is no evidence of visits after 1779.^[5]

Return to Vienna and final years: 1780–1813

Around 1780, Wanhal stopped writing symphonies and string quartets, focusing instead on music for piano and small-scale chamber ensembles, and Masses and other church music. The former, written for a growing middle class, supplied him with the means to live a modest, economically independent life; for the last 30 years of his life he did not work under any patron, probably being the first Viennese composer to do so. During these years, more than 270 of his works were published by Viennese composers. In the beginning of the period he was still an active participant in Viennese musical life, as is witnessed in Michael Kelly's legendary account of the string quartet Wanhal played in together with Haydn, Mozart and Dittersdorf in 1784. After 1787 or so, however, he seems to have ceased performing in public, but he nevertheless was economically secure, living in good quarters near St. Stephen's Cathedral. He died in 1813 as an elderly composer, whose music was still recognized by the Viennese public.^[6]

 

Style

반할은 현악4중주 100여곡 최소 73곡의 교향곡, 95곡의 성가곡 그외 많은 기악곡과 성악곡을 작곡한 다작가였다. 특히 교향곡은 최근까지 꾸준히 compact disc 수요가 증가하고 있으며 이중 최고 인기가 있는 곡들은 하이든의 많은 교향곡과 비견할 수 있을 정도이다. Wanhal의 교향곡은 minor keys로 되어 있으며

당대의 질풍노도 운동-반체제적 문예운동_에 커다란 영향을 준 것으로 보인다.

 

Wanhal had to be a prolific writer to meet the demands made upon him, and attributed to him are 100 quartets, at least 73 symphonies, 95 sacred works, and a large number of instrumental and vocal works. The symphonies, in particular, have been committed increasingly often to compact disc in recent times, and the best of them are comparable with many of Haydn's. Many of Wanhal's symphonies are in minor keys and are considered highly influential to the "Sturm und Drang" movement of his time. "[Wanhal] makes use of repeated semiquavers, pounding quavers in the bass line, wide skips in the themes, sudden pauses (fermatas), silences, exaggerated dynamic marks ... and all these features ... appear in Mozart's first large-scale Sturm und Drang symphony, no. 25 in g minor (K. 183) of 1773."^[7] This kind of style also appears in Joseph Haydn's Symphony No. 83 in g minor, The Hen (1785), and Muzio Clementi's Sonata in g minor, Op.34, No.2 (circa 1795).

 

 

Around 1780 Wanhal seems to have stopped writing large-scale instrumental music, and rather contented himself with writing piano music for the growing middle class, and church music. In the former category his programmatic pieces, often related to recent events such as "the Battle of Würzburg", "the Battle of Abukir", and "the Return of Francis II in 1809". Judging from the number of extant manuscripts available, these works must have been highly popular. Wanhal was also the most prolific writer of Masses and other Catholic church music of his generation in Vienna.^[8] Despite this, it appears that he was never in the employ of any religious institution. This means that his late Masses are both testaments to a genuine personal faith, and evidence of how lucrative his focus on incidental piano music must have been.

 

 

Robert O. Gjerdingen sees a change in Wanhal's style as he redirected his attention towards the middle class, his music becoming didactic in the sense that it employed musical figures in a clear and self-referential manner, rather than the seamless continuity from figure to figure that had characterized his earlier pieces. In this, Gjerdingen sees Wanhal as prefiguring Beethoven.^[9]

Such was his success that within a few years of his symphonies being written, they were being performed around the world, and as far distant as the United States.^[10] In later life, however, he rarely moved from Vienna where he was also an active teacher.

Compositions

Main article: List of compositions by Johann Baptist Wanhal

 

 

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